Provider reviews

MyDrHankPartner

Separate the product from the study

MyDrHank publishes NAD⁺ nasal spray and injection prices, but the study cited on those pages tested a different molecule.

Gala now publishes a dedicated NAD⁺ injection offer, with a monthly figure and a separate annual-plan discount.

A $199 monthly NAD⁺ injection offer with pharmacy partners named in the terms, but no milligram amount on the product page.

CoreAge RxPartner

$93, published up front

$93 a month for the injection or the nasal spray, published before any intake — from a provider we had previously, and wrongly, written off.

EmbodyPartner

Cheap, and very loud

$99 a month flat, at a stated dose — wrapped in marketing that claims things no trial has shown.

Enhance MDPartner

Labs in, prepay out

Sells NAD⁺ wafers alongside injections, with bloodwork included — and advertises a low price that needs a year paid up front.

System LabsPartner

Publishes the dose

States a milligram quantity for its reviewed injection and nasal spray — and then explains the one thing about absorption it gets backwards.

EdenPartner

States the vial size

Publishes the vial size and the second-month price on the same line, which few sellers do. It is also one of six using "FDA-registered" language about its labs rather than its medicine.

RNK HealthPartner

Same price, three ways

Every format costs the same here — but the $129 on the homepage buys six months in advance, and the month-to-month rate is $169.

A weight-loss platform that puts NAD⁺ on the homepage as a featured product rather than burying it three clicks into a longevity menu.

Sprout HealthPartner

Bills every four weeks

Top-of-market at $249, with the introductory month and the renewal printed in the same sentence. The billing cycle is not a month.

YourEraPartner

Discloses, except here

A site that writes an unusually clear compounding disclosure, labels three of its four prescription lines as compounded, and leaves NAD⁺ off the list.

A prescription NAD⁺ capsule sold on "clinically proven anti-aging results". No milligram figure anywhere on the page, and no mention that the product is compounded.

Live VitalPartner

One doctor, two protocol lengths

A single named physician reviews every prescription — and the site cannot decide whether a protocol runs three months or ten weeks, which is a $45-a-month difference.

Luvo HealthPartner

Headline needs a year

Every NAD⁺ page advertises "starting at $27 a week". That is $1,417 paid up front for a year; the price you can actually start on is $199 for four weeks.

RxSpan MDPartner

Three routes, one catalog

Injection, nasal spray and an oral tablet, each with a published monthly rate and a four-rung prepay ladder. The catalog page shows none of it unless JavaScript runs.

bmiMDPartner

One anchor, four tiers

Four price tiers, all struck through from the same $198.90 nobody is charged — on a page that promises all 50 states and never publishes a dose.

DudeMedsPartner

Publishes dose and price

A men's telehealth brand selling 200 mg of NAD⁺ as a gummy melt, with the dose and the price both on the page — and a product sheet laid out like an approved drug label for something that is not one.

Publishes a monthly milligram total and a real month-to-month price. It also writes a sentence few sellers will: that the product is investigational, and not FDA-approved for any use.

Direct MedsPartner

Cheaper plan, dearer milligrams

Prints the milligrams next to the price on both its plans. Do the division and the cheaper plan turns out to be the expensive one.

Invigor Medical

Two routes, two prices

Now presented as Try Invigor, the service prices NAD⁺ injections separately from oral dissolving tablets.

LumiMeds names a pharmacy and a 1,000 mg vial, but the $124 starting price needs a plan-length check.

Lttl

Read the renewal column

Three NAD⁺ formats with one billing ladder: the $99 headline does not describe the normal monthly renewal.

Puts its NAD⁺ price on its NAD⁺ page and tells you before it asks for anything — which most of this category still will not do.

Breeze Meds

Low price, buried

NAD⁺ injections at $169 a month, at the low end of what this category charges — if you can find them.

The most clinically studied NAD⁺ precursor, from the company whose ingredient most of that research used. We earn nothing from it.

About $30 buys something labeled NAD⁺ — in the format with the least evidence that any of it reaches your bloodstream.

A men's health brand selling NAD⁺ injections with anti-aging claims that run far ahead of any evidence — and no price, no dose, and no mention that the product is compounded.

The Edit

Says the quiet part

Expensive, and unusual in printing the sentence most of this category avoids. The FDA does not verify the safety, effectiveness or quality of compounded medications — their words, their page.

Taurus Meds

Cheap, and shouting

One of the lowest NAD⁺ prices we can verify, on a page that promises the injection gives near-immortality and displays an FDA-approved badge beside compounded products.

Mid-priced NAD⁺ from a provider that puts a named, board-certified physician on the page. It also describes its pharmacies in a way that is easy to misread as FDA approval.

Yucca Health

Bilingual, upper-mid price

A GLP-1 platform with NAD⁺ as its longevity line, upper-middle of the range. Few competitors run the whole service in Spanish as well as English.

Obu Health

Price up, disclosure down

Near the top of the price range with no regulatory disclosure at all — no mention of compounding, and no mention of the FDA anywhere on the pages we read.

iThriveMD

Dose and disclaimer

Expensive at the door, and one of the few providers that will tell you the milligram dose — with an FDA disclaimer most sellers leave out.

Ivologist

Disclosure in the banner

$115 a month, near the bottom of the injection range, from a seller that puts "Not FDA-approved" in its site banner rather than its footnotes.

Maves

Shows the step-up

Mid-priced NAD⁺ from a seller that does something unusual with its introductory offer — prints the second-month price right next to it.

An in-home NAD⁺ infusion at $799 — and rare among IV services in telling you how many milligrams that buys, which is exactly what makes the number so striking.

An in-home NAD⁺ drip at $749 a session, with an FDA disclaimer on the page. Nothing anywhere says how much NAD⁺ is in the bag.

Ivy Rx

One price, no tiers

A flat $179 with no introductory rate, no commitment ladder and no discount tiers to decode — which in this category is itself a feature.

Near the bottom of the price range, with a clean compounding disclosure and a promise your rate never rises with your dose. Just read which of its two prices you are being quoted.

RxPepsDirect

Publishes its numbers

Publishes a vial size, a concentration, a per-injection dose, the pharmacy that fills it and the independent lab reports for the batches — a combination almost nothing else in this category offers — and charges per vial rather than per month.

PlexusDx

Three formats, one price

Injection, nasal spray or tablet at the same monthly rate, with six partner pharmacies named on the site — and a headline price that is the six-month prepay tier, not what you pay month to month.

Joi + Blokes

Never says compounded

Mid-priced NAD⁺ in two formats, from a well-built hormone-and-labs platform. Its NAD⁺ page never uses the word compounded, never mentions the FDA, and closes with a testimonial invoking two researchers by name.

NativeMed

Four prices, one product

Publishes per-batch potency, sterility, pH and endotoxin results for its compounded lots — then quotes four different prices for the same NAD⁺ and never says what concentration it is testing to.

Fresh Day

Publishes the milligrams

One of the few sellers that puts a milligram figure in the product name — and one whose advertised monthly price is the quarterly rate, with a consultation fee its own catalog data carries but its pricing page does not show.

Revel Health

Finishes the sentence

Mid-priced NAD⁺ in three formats, from a provider that answers the compounding question in its own FAQ. It gets the regulated-pharmacy distinction right instead of hiding behind it.

AgelessRx

Publishes the milligrams

The headline $79 is an introductory month on a prepaid quarter. The number that matters is printed next to it — and so, unusually, is the dose.

Get Thin MD

Answers the pricing question

Every headline on the site says $129. Buried in their own NAD⁺ FAQ is the sentence that says the month-to-month price is $199.

PreventiveMD

Prints the plan table

The $139 is a three-month supply divided by three. The month-to-month price is $149 — and unusually, the seller publishes the table that shows both.

YourHealthRx

Priced by vial, not dose

The $150 you will see quoted is the nasal spray. The injectable starts at $210, and the price does not move with your dose.

Neo Soma Healthcare

Publishes the protocol

One of the few sellers that publishes a NAD⁺ milligram dose and a frequency, which makes it one of the few whose price you can actually check — and it checks out well.

Rylo Health

Calls it experimental

Names its pharmacy and its medical group, and publishes a strength. Then tells you in its own words that injectable NAD⁺ is experimental, and that the research is on oral precursors instead.

Vytora Health

Names both pharmacies

Near the top of the price range. One of the few providers that names the pharmacies filling the prescription, with addresses.

Arc-1

Dose stated, price steep

Publishes the exact protocol in its dose selector — three 100 mg doses a week — at $299.99 a vial. Near the top of the category, and the word compounded never appears.

Remi Meds

$349, and almost no detail

$349 a month, sold by the milliliter with no concentration published, on a site where the word compounded never appears.

HealthOn

Three prices, one page

A mid-priced compounded NAD⁺ injection that publishes its dose. It also publishes three different monthly prices, and reconciles none of them.

Bloom MD

Milligrams on the label

One of the few sellers that puts the milligram count in the product name — and one whose headline vial is not actually a month's supply.

Levers Health

Dose fully disclosed

A dose disclosure with nothing left out. Milligrams, concentration, volume, weekly schedule, and a state-by-state variation.

AquaVita NextGen

Candid copy, opaque quantity

Unusually restrained safety language for this category, attached to a price you cannot compare with anything.

Näky

Annual headline, monthly truth

A weekly NAD⁺ injection whose advertised rate is an annual prepay — and whose annual plan costs exactly what three months costs.

Fierce Health

Biggest claims, hidden dose

A LegitScript-certified seller making anti-aging claims that run far ahead of the evidence — and refusing to publish the dose until after you have paid.

ARSYNL Rx

Cheap, and the math adds up

$149 a month with no commitment, at a published vial strength, with pricing math that survives a calculator.

LifespanningRx

Full spec, wrong shelf

Publishes a complete vial specification most sellers will not — then files NAD⁺ under peptides and skips the disclosure that matters.

PepHaūs

Well run, headline oversold

A well-documented NAD⁺ service, advertising a price that requires paying for six months at once.

Immortals

Cites sources, sells commitment

Cites named studies on the product page, with authors and journals — and will not sell you a single month.

A $41.90 NAD⁺ capsule that tells you which ingredients are in it and refuses to tell you how much of any of them.

One of the few sellers in this category that publishes a dated, lot-numbered lab report — for a delivery format no human trial has ever tested.

The rare supplement company that tests its own product, publishes the result, and tells you when the result is not peer reviewed yet.

One ingredient, one dose, one correctly quoted trial — and the lowest standing price we can find for 300 mg of NIAGEN.

The NAD⁺ supplement with the most peer-reviewed research behind it — and a product page that describes one of those papers more warmly than the paper does.

Publishes a dated lab report for the specific batch in your bottle, which is rare anywhere in supplements — built on a delivery claim the one human head-to-head does not support.

An NMN capsule that says plainly there is no evidence liposomal or sublingual delivery works better. Then charges $88 a month for the ordinary kind.

A deep, honestly priced NMN catalog attached to a clinical claim that says more than the study it rests on.

Clean labeling and a fair price on nicotinamide riboside, attached to an NMN capsule that costs three times what the company's own powder does.

A complete Supplement Facts panel, a genuinely low price, and a vitamin B3 load most buyers will not notice they are taking.

Nuform Health

Kits, not months

Sells NAD⁺ in four-month and two-month kits, and says plainly it will not sell you a single month. Its advertised per-month figures are arithmetic, not prices.

Trava Health

Both formats, same price

Prices its NAD⁺ injection and its NAD⁺ nasal spray a dollar apart, both at a published 100 mg, so the choice between needle and nose costs nothing either way.

ReadyRx

Price arrives by API

Sells NAD⁺ by the vial — 500 mg, 1,000 mg, or a 4,500 mg nasal spray. The price is not on the page until the site fetches it for you.

Bioverse

Dosing spelled out

Publishes the vial, the concentration, the per-injection milligrams and a weekly ceiling — then sends you to a differently branded site to buy it.

RxION Health

One price, no dose

Charges $249 a month at every dose, with no introductory tier to decode. It never says how many milligrams a dose is.

TeleZen MD

Headline is month one

Advertises $98 a month for NAD⁺ and charges $198. The $98 is the first month of the nasal spray, not the ongoing price of the injection.

LaSara Medical Group

Protocol, and a choice

Publishes two named dosing protocols, says how long a vial lasts on each — and lets you set delivery to match, instead of billing monthly regardless.

MadeMed

Term plans only

Publishes the protocol in milligrams and requires a blood test before prescribing — then sells NAD⁺ only in three- and six-month blocks charged up front.

Rewinding RX

Cheap, and specific

Charges $139 a month for a stated 1,000 mg. Its own dose range, at the top end, empties that vial before the month is out.

Invyncible

Careful words, no unit

Unusually restrained NAD⁺ copy, attached to a price that never says what it is per.

Genesis Lifestyle Medicine

Two businesses, one price

Fifteen clinics that will not quote you a number, and a mail-order arm that will — $129 a month, with the discount tiers doing something other than what they say.

Tablet Health

States the dose, hides the price

Both NAD⁺ formats come with a milligram figure attached — which you will only find if you start the intake, because the product pages publish neither that nor the price.

Ascend Vitality

Priced by the milligram tier

Three NAD⁺ products at three doses and three month-to-month prices — and a headline that is, unusually, telling the truth.

RegenCen

Two states, big claims

A Michigan and Florida clinic group selling NAD⁺ infusions and shots — with no published price and a FAQ that reaches for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and addiction.

Hormonally Balanced

One clinic, no numbers

A Burlington, Massachusetts concierge practice for women that writes two FAQ answers about transparent pricing without printing a single price.

TRT Kingdom

A month you cannot buy

An unusually low NAD⁺ headline at $79 a month — and no month you can actually buy it by.

Modern Age

Per shot, in Manhattan

$125 looks like the cheapest number on this page until you read the next line: it buys one injection, and they suggest one or two a week.

Stealth Health

A concentration, not a dose

$88 a month, with a milligram figure on the label. That figure turns out to be the one number that cannot tell you what you are getting.

LevelUp Rx

Simple price, loud biology

One price, one SKU, no tiers to decode — wrapped in mechanism copy that promises neurological rejuvenation the evidence has not delivered.

REMEVi

Flat rate, any route

A single all-inclusive $229 charge every four weeks, with injection, nasal spray and oral dropper all priced the same. The four-week cycle quietly costs you a thirteenth payment a year.

Kongo

Cheap, price well hidden

A low month-to-month price at $115, published on a page that is not the NAD⁺ page. The NAD⁺ page itself shows no price at all.

Garcia Weight Loss

In person, dose stated

A Tampa Bay clinic that publishes its whole NAD⁺ menu — $250 for a 250 mg infusion, $500 for 500 mg, $50 for an intramuscular shot — with the milligrams attached to every line.

HealthSource

Publishes the concentration

$179 every four weeks for a nasal spray whose concentration and bottle size are both printed — and which their own page says lasts up to two months.

AVArx

No price, anywhere

AVArx sells NAD⁺ as a nasal spray and an injection across all fifty states. It publishes no price for either, or for anything else it sells.

Rehydra+ Wellness

Bought outright, no plan

$279 buys four weeks of NAD⁺ outright — needle, spray or oral, all the same price. No subscription to cancel, and a "sale" that is not discounting anything.

Pallas Health

No monthly plan exists

Pallas advertises NAD⁺ at "$189/mo avg" — an asterisked average of a $567 charge every twelve weeks. There is no monthly plan to buy at any price.

Idgie publishes the compounding pharmacy's name, address and phone number — and advertises a $154 injection that requires $960 up front, when the month-to-month price is $179.

WellMedRx

States the dose, cheap

$99 a month for a 500 mg or 1,000 mg NAD⁺ injection. A low price with the milligrams published beside it, which most of this category never manages.

TelePeptide

A real monthly option

A month-to-month NAD⁺ program at $169 with no commitment, three routes on one price, and an advertised $129 that needs $1,548 paid up front.

Bodi Envi

Flat rate, named pharmacy

A flat $130 a month with the kit and the provider included, and — unusually — the compounding pharmacy named on the site.

Sixty dollars a month for provider-managed NAD⁺ injections, one price whatever your dose. No published milligram figure to judge it against.

DrBrainRx

Detailed, except the dose

A $275 vial with a pharmacy class, a sterility standard and a certificate of analysis behind it — and no milligrams anywhere on the page.

ElitePhysiqMD

Sticker price, then fees

The number on the product is $297. What a one-time order actually costs is $376, and the page says so — which is more than most sellers will tell you.

A prescription patch that names its dose and runs a current through your skin to push it. Still no human trial showing any of it arrives.

Low dose and high dose, $299 and $499, with no milligram figure behind either label. A third NAD⁺ page lists ingredients containing no NAD⁺.

Four NAD⁺ infusion doses, four prices, printed on the page — and a recommended schedule that lets you work out the real cost before you book.

NAD⁺ injections at $199 a month, on a page the rest of the site never links to — while the homepage shows the product with no way to click it.

Loop Health

States named, format not

Publishes the exact number of states it covers and the exact monthly price, then never says how the NAD⁺ is administered.

Lumora

Concentration on the label

Prints the concentration next to the price — 100 mg/mL in a 10 mL vial for $200. Few sellers do, and it means you can work out what a milligram costs.

The current menu no longer names NAD⁺ or its milligram amounts, so the older NAD⁺ price comparison no longer holds.

Two hundred dollars a month, billed without a subscription — a genuinely good structure, on a product Oak's own website has no page for.

Onyx Weight Loss

Priced high, answered loosely

$299 a month for NAD⁺ injections. The page calls NAD⁺ a peptide, and answers "is it safe?" with an unqualified yes.

600 mg of NAD⁺ and 150 mg of resveratrol per patch, stated to the milligram, for 83 cents a day. No measurement of what gets through.

A patch sold as NAD⁺ that never says how much NAD⁺ is in it — and whose own ingredient write-up is mostly about something else.

Up to 50% off your first treatment, at a chain of more than 170 studios that never says what the treatment costs.

A prescription NAD⁺ patch you cannot buy, cannot price and cannot read about — every product page is behind a provider login.

A mobile NAD⁺ drip that tells you the milligrams — and then quotes two different prices for the same 500 mg bag on two of its own pages.

The largest studio chain selling NAD⁺ drips publishes a protocol, a nurse practitioner in every location, and not one dollar figure.

Strut Health

Right dose, wrong molecule

Publishes both the strength and the volume — 500 mg at 200 mg/mL — then describes NAD⁺ as a peptide that signals your pituitary gland.

A franchised drip chain whose NAD⁺ price is the word Varies. The menu is organized by the conditions the drips are meant to address.

A ten-site Texas drip chain that sells NAD⁺ as a monthly milligram allowance rather than a visit. It publishes what the allowance costs.

Tonik Wellness

Out of stock, and vague

A published $104 a month, a product page that currently says out of stock, and a description that sells precursors under a product named NAD⁺.

Tyde Wellness

Tablet or needle, same price

$189 a month for NAD⁺ as an oral tablet or an injection. One price, for two formats whose evidence is nothing alike.

VitaStir

Dose stated, Michigan clinics

A Michigan clinic chain selling NAD⁺ three ways: a shipped home kit, an in-clinic shot, an IV. It puts a dose on two of them.

Aurelius Health Group

Bundled, never priced

NAD⁺ arrives here only as one ingredient in a tirzepatide protocol. No NAD⁺ product, no NAD⁺ price, no NAD⁺ dose.

Dr. Gillis' Wellness Center

Everything priced but this

A central Maine clinic that publishes a price for every therapy it offers except the one you came for.

Elevate Health

Only as an add-on

NAD⁺ injections cost $219 a month at Elevate — but only if you are already buying a GLP-1, because that is the only checkout they appear in.

InstaRX

Wrong copy, footnoted price

The NAD⁺ listing carries the tirzepatide description word for word, and the only price on it is footnoted to a twelve-month prepayment.

Ivim Health

Two pages, two prices

Ivím sells the same weekly NAD⁺ injection on two pages at two different prices, and neither of them is the number in the big type.

Joey Med

Only one plan exists

The page promises monthly and three-month options. The dropdown contains one entry: three months, $300.

Valhalla Vitality

Sign in to see anything

Both the price and the dose sit behind a free account, on a page that also calls NAD⁺ scientifically proven.

Vea Health

Two formats, no price

Vea sells NAD⁺ as an injection and as a nasal spray, and will not tell you what either one costs until you have completed an intake.

A Las Vegas mobile service. $100 to come out, then $1 for every milligram of NAD⁺ it puts in the bag.

Two suites, a published dose range and an unusually frank account of why a NAD⁺ drip has to run slowly — with the price held back for the concierge team.

The most transparent ingredient list of any patch in this format, and what it reveals is that the NAD⁺ patch contains no NAD⁺.

Brightmeds

One price, no step-up

A flat $129 a month for compounded NAD⁺ injections, with the labs fee, the consult fee and the renewal increase all explicitly removed.

Iron Med Rx

Dose named, plans mismatched

Five NAD⁺ formats, with a milligram figure on every one. The advertised price is, for once, the real monthly rate.

ClickSlim

Four prices, one product

Four different NAD⁺ prices on one website, a product page that carries none of them, and a checkout that settles it at $249.

BB Health Plus

One number, no term

A famous fitness brand attached to a telehealth service that publishes a four-tier price table for its weight-loss drugs and a single unqualified number for NAD⁺.

Genesis Health

Four tabs, no prices

Genesis Health publishes the milligrams behind its NAD⁺ injection and then prints four plan tabs with nothing under any of them.

Thirty berry sachets for $29.99, with a Supplement Facts panel genuinely published. The ingredient the marketing is built on is not in it.

BrelloHealth

Renews every 11 weeks

The plan is labeled three months and renews every eleven weeks. That is not the same thing, and over a year it is $174 more than the page implies.

A Los Angeles clinic with a named physician and an honest account of what an infusion is like — attached to a claim list that includes reversing aging, heart disease risk and Alzheimer's symptoms.

Sold only in three-month packages, every one struck through from a higher price by exactly the same 20% — and the bigger the plan, the more each session costs.

Publishes a full price table by dose for both in-clinic and mobile infusions — and the mobile premium works out at exactly $199, whatever the dose.

Five NAD⁺ options, every one with a dose and a price attached — and the cheapest of them costs two and a half times more per milligram than the dearest.

Four infusion tiers from 250 mg to 1,500 mg, each with a price and a duration — every figure carrying an asterisk the page does not explain.

The rare nasal seller that tells you the strength, the bottle size and how long it lasts — and then never tells you what it costs.

Hone Health

Membership sits on top

$165 a month for the injections, and a $25 membership you also have to pay — so the real floor is $190, and the page says both numbers out loud.

Auren Rx

Discloses properly

Three formats at one price, a no-commitment option shown beside the subscription, and the full compounding disclosure spelled out rather than implied.

Trellis Vitality

Now publishes a price

Plans now start at $129 a month, where this page used to show no price at all — and a trust bar reading "FDA Regulated" sits one line from "Compounded in the USA".

The advertised $149 needs a twelve-month commitment. Month to month it is $229 — and to their credit, the page prints every rung of that ladder instead of just the bottom one.

A nasal spray billed only when you reorder, with a free consultation and no commitment — which removes the trap most of this category is built around.

The one price on the page is $130 a month, and its asterisk says it needs a twelve-month purchase and already counts a first-month discount. The uncommitted rate is never published.

Precision Telemed

Dose stated, intro price

A 1,000 mg vial at $149 a month, advertised at $139.99. The dose is published, which is rarer than it should be — and the headline is the first month only.

$249 a month for thirty doses, and the page does the division for you — $8.30 a dose. What it never states is how many milligrams are in one.

One of the few sellers that prices NAD⁺ by the single injection at a stated milligram strength — under a struck-through number, and beside a weight-loss claim the evidence does not carry.

A prescription NAD⁺ nasal spray from an established telehealth brand, sold as a one-time purchase as well as a subscription — with no milligram figure anywhere on the page.

Two grams of stated actives a day, a real lab's signed certificate on the product page — and a countdown timer that resets itself forever.

NMN sold the way a raw material is sold, at a per-gram cost that reframes what the branded bottles are charging for.

Five hundred milligrams a day for under twenty-two dollars, with a testing claim the page never shows you.

The rare NMN seller whose published certificate carries measured values instead of tick marks — including an assay above its own label claim.

A 250 mg capsule from a forty-year-old vitamin company that sells NMN without attaching a single study to it.

Signed per-batch certificates you can match to the bottle in your hand, from a lab the seller founded to test its own products.

An NSF-certified capsule whose Supplement Facts section lists the ingredients and never once says how much of them you get.

A sublingual liposomal NMN that publishes its whole label — and the label says fifty milligrams.

A detailed, research-quoting listing. Its certificate of analysis contains no results, and its FAQ contradicts its own label.

A seller that will also sell you the blood test to check whether its own powder worked — and one of its three cited trials found no significant effect.

Five hundred milligrams a capsule at a defensible price, wrapped in a claim about clinical research that is simply not true.